Thyroid-associated orbitopathy is the most common extra-thyroid manifestation of Graves’ disease. It affects the orbital and peri-orbital tissues, leading to signs and symptoms such as eyelid edema, exophthalmos, and diplopia. The prevalence varies, affecting approximately 25 to 50% of patients with Graves’ disease. The pathogenesis of thyroid orbitopathy involves, among other factors, autoantibodies directed against TSH receptors present on orbital fibroblasts. Activation of these orbital fibroblasts results in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and glycosaminoglycans, causing inflammation and proliferation of orbital connective tissues, as well as adipogenesis. Treatments for orbitopathy in its active phase include general measures such as symptomatic ophthalmologic treatment (artificial tears, sun protection, headboard elevation), rapid and sustained restoration of euthyroidism, and smoking cessation. Depending on the severity, selenium is used for mild cases, while anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive treatments are used for moderate to severe cases (sometimes with orbital radiotherapy). Decompression surgery is considered for forms that threaten visual prognosis. Despite recent therapeutic advances, the management of thyroid orbitopathy remains complex and requires a multidisciplinary approach. Future research is focused on understanding the underlying immune mechanisms and developing more targeted and effective treatments.

In 2023 there were numerous groundbreaking developments in diabetology, metabolic diseases and endocrinology. In the field of diabetes, recommendations for managing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in patients with Type 2 diabetes were revised, and a new algorithm for estimating cardiovascular risks in primary prevention was introduced. In addition, patients with diabetes mellitus eligible for a category B convention may claim full reimbursement for a continuous interstitial glucose measurement system using a subcutaneous sensor. The widespread use of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists for the therapeutic management of obesity was a notable feature of 2023. In the field of endocrine pathologies, new international guidelines on prolactinoma treatment have been published. Moreover, the 2016 recommendations on the management of adrenal incidentalomas, issued by the European Society of Endocrinology (ESE) in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors (ENSAT), have been updated

The knowledge of physicians in the field of nutrition mostly lags far behind the patients’ expectations, without complying with official recommendations. However, poor-quality nutrition and diet represent the first cause of mortality worldwide. As a result of insufficient training and poor awareness, many physicians do not meet patients’ expectations. Moreover, nutrition is often perceived as of low scientific value, thereby opening the area to numerous pseudo-scientific errancies. We advocate an overall improvement in nutrition training during the medical cursus, including transversal integration of nutritional insights into medical courses, in addition to the recognition of post-university training validated by academic authorities. A clarification of the roles and recognition of the competency framework are urgently required in order to further promote the professionalism of nutritional counselling.